{"questions":[{"id":"mdcat-bio-inh-01","v":1,"subject":"biology","chapter":"inheritance","seed":true,"difficulty":1,"stem":"In a monohybrid cross with complete dominance, the F2 phenotypic ratio is:","options":["1:2:1","9:3:3:1","3:1","1:1"],"answer":2,"explain":{"en":"Crossing two heterozygotes (Tt × Tt) gives TT, Tt, Tt and tt. Three of the four show the dominant trait, so the phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1).","ur":"دو ہیٹروزائگس (Tt × Tt) کے ملاپ سے TT، Tt، Tt اور tt بنتے ہیں۔ چار میں سے تین میں غالب خصوصیت ظاہر ہوتی ہے، اس لیے ظاہری تناسب 3:1 ہے (جینی تناسب 1:2:1)۔"},"source":{"kind":"parcha-original"},"status":"sample","exam":"mdcat"},{"id":"mdcat-bio-inh-02","v":1,"subject":"biology","chapter":"inheritance","difficulty":2,"stem":"The F2 phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross between two independently assorting genes is:","options":["9:3:3:1","3:1","1:1:1:1","12:3:1"],"answer":0,"explain":{"en":"For two genes on different chromosomes, the 3:1 ratios multiply: (3:1) × (3:1) = 9:3:3:1. A 1:1:1:1 ratio comes from a dihybrid test cross; 12:3:1 is a case of epistasis.","ur":"مختلف کروموسوم پر دو جینز کے لیے 3:1 کے تناسب ضرب ہوتے ہیں: (3:1) × (3:1) = 9:3:3:1۔ 1:1:1:1 ڈائی ہائبرڈ ٹیسٹ کراس سے آتا ہے۔"},"source":{"kind":"parcha-original"},"status":"sample","exam":"mdcat"},{"id":"mdcat-bio-inh-03","v":1,"subject":"biology","chapter":"inheritance","difficulty":2,"stem":"A test cross is a cross between an individual of unknown genotype and one that is:","options":["Homozygous dominant","Heterozygous","Homozygous recessive","From the F2 generation"],"answer":2,"explain":{"en":"Crossing with a homozygous recessive (tt) shows the unknown genotype directly: all offspring dominant means TT; half dominant and half recessive means Tt.","ur":"ہوموزائگس مغلوب (tt) کے ساتھ ملاپ سے نامعلوم جینوٹائپ صاف پتا چلتی ہے: سب اولاد غالب ہو تو TT، آدھی غالب آدھی مغلوب ہو تو Tt۔"},"source":{"kind":"parcha-original"},"status":"sample","exam":"mdcat"},{"id":"mdcat-bio-inh-04","v":1,"subject":"biology","chapter":"inheritance","difficulty":2,"stem":"In the ABO blood group system, the alleles Iᴬ and Iᴮ show:","options":["Incomplete dominance","Codominance","Epistasis","Sex linkage"],"answer":1,"explain":{"en":"A person with Iᴬ Iᴮ makes both A and B antigens and has blood group AB, so both alleles are fully expressed: codominance. Both are dominant over the i allele.","ur":"Iᴬ Iᴮ والا شخص A اور B دونوں اینٹی جن بناتا ہے اور اس کا بلڈ گروپ AB ہوتا ہے، یعنی دونوں ایلیل پوری طرح ظاہر ہوتے ہیں: کوڈومیننس۔ دونوں i پر غالب ہیں۔"},"source":{"kind":"parcha-original"},"status":"sample","exam":"mdcat"},{"id":"mdcat-bio-inh-05","v":1,"subject":"biology","chapter":"inheritance","difficulty":2,"stem":"Haemophilia A is inherited as a trait that is:","options":["Autosomal dominant","Autosomal recessive","Y-linked","X-linked recessive"],"answer":3,"explain":{"en":"The gene for clotting factor VIII is on the X chromosome and the faulty allele is recessive. Males (XY) need only one copy to be affected, so the disorder is far more common in males; carrier mothers pass it to half their sons on average.","ur":"کلاٹنگ فیکٹر VIII کا جین ایکس کروموسوم پر ہے اور خراب ایلیل مغلوب ہے۔ مرد (XY) میں ایک ہی نقل کافی ہے، اس لیے یہ بیماری مردوں میں زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔"},"source":{"kind":"parcha-original"},"status":"sample","exam":"mdcat"},{"id":"mdcat-bio-inh-06","v":1,"subject":"biology","chapter":"inheritance","difficulty":1,"stem":"A person with genotype Iᴬi has blood group:","options":["A","B","AB","O"],"answer":0,"explain":{"en":"Iᴬ is dominant over i, so Iᴬi makes only the A antigen and the blood group is A. Group O needs ii.","ur":"Iᴬ، i پر غالب ہے، اس لیے Iᴬi صرف A اینٹی جن بناتا ہے اور بلڈ گروپ A ہوتا ہے۔ گروپ O کے لیے ii ضروری ہے۔"},"source":{"kind":"parcha-original"},"status":"sample","exam":"mdcat"}]}